Why we need more discussions in the public sphere

One strength of democracies, according to many of its proponents, is the creation of ‘the public sphere’ in which people are allowed to discuss their political views openly.

Jürgen Habermas

The philosopher, Habermas (1964), calls the public sphere

a realm of our social life in which something approaching public opinion can be formed.

All citizens are guaranteed the freedom to access the public sphere, the freedom of assembly and association and the freedom of expression. The goal of the public sphere is to foster peaceful discussion between all people, including those who hold conflicting political ideas so that they can reach mutual understanding. It is assumed that through reason and argumentation, even the opposing minority has the chance to convince the general public for a change in political course.


Jürgen Habermas

Karl Popper

According to the philosopher Karl Popper (1963), the public sphere therefore provides the opportunity for regime change without violence. The most important attribute of a public sphere in my opinion is that it welcomes freedom of thought and encourages rational discussions. These are important liberal values that play a quintessential role in the quest for truth.

Popper writes that our search for truth is based on the following three principles:

  1. The principle of fallibility;
  2. The principle of rational discussion;
  3. The principle of approximation to the truth.

He asserts that we should be epistemologically modest and that we, like Socrates, should know that we know very little. The principle of fallibility stresses the importance of being epistemologically modest, because it maintains that there is a possibility that our intellectual convictions are wrong. For this reason, every theory should be subject to rational criticism: instead of desiring to prove our theories, we should therefore train ourselves to criticize them. Even if we do not reach an agreement in a discussion, there is still much we can learn from the discussion. It may for example have shed some light on our intellectual errors or it may provoke a deeper understanding on some parts which hence brings us closer to the truth.


Karl Popper

Conclusion

Discussions in the public sphere are important as they can generate new insights and theories in political philosophy. The public sphere is a public space where knowledge is generated through peaceful discussion. This, of course, requires freedom of speech and creates mutual understanding among its participants. It is of utmost importance that we maintain it properly.

There will come soft rains

There will come soft rains.
In a 1950 Science Fiction short writing, Ray Bradbury describes a post-apocalyptic world in the aftermath of a nuclear attack. The story lacks human characters and puts an automated house as its center. The house is run on automatic schedule, it serves pancakes, and speaks to its owners, but no human being is there to respond.

The most prominent sign of a past nuclear attack is the description of the silhouettes on the walls of the house. The nuclear blast has the paint torn off, vaporized the family, and left only “the image of a thrown ball, and opposite him a girl, hands raised to catch a ball which never came down” and the silhouettes of two adults – a woman who was picking flowers and a man who was mowing the lawn.

The only sign of life comes from a dog who has miraculously survived the nuclear blast, but it too will soon die in the parlour. While robot mice are running around to keep the house clean, pancakes are served automatically, and a voice from the wall kindly asks which poem the McClellan family would like to hear. Without any reply, the house system recites Tara Teasdale’s 1918 poem “There will come soft rains”.

There will come soft rains and the smell of the ground,
And swallows circling with their shimmering sound;
And frogs in the pools singing at night,
And wild plum trees in tremulous white;
Robins will wear their feathery fire,
Whistling their whims on a low fence-wire;
And not one will know of the war, not one
Will care at last when it is done.
Not one would mind, neither bird nor tree,
if mankind perished utterly;
And Spring herself, when she woke at dawn
Would scarcely know that we were gone.

Interestingly, the poem is also recited in the game Fallout – which tells the story of a world that has experienced a nuclear disaster as well.

Soon, a storm breaks out and the house catches fire. While the house is trying to save itself by running emergency appliances, the fire likened to an elephant is quickly consuming the house like a living thing made of flesh and bone.

Main Theme

The most apparent theme is technology vs nature, and man’s unavoidable defeat. The many technological inventions of mankind, although they outlive us, are mindless and cannot stand against the forces of nature. When mankind is gone, nature will move on as if nothing has happened.

“There will come soft rains” is a nuanced piece that prompts us to question our human existence, our relationship with technology and nature, and our capabilities to destroy. It was especially relevant considering the fact it was written several years after the WWII Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombings. However, is the threat of nuclear war or technological apocalypse (think about AI and robotics) still upon us?